![]() ![]() ![]() Although there is no evidence for any homology between histidine protein kinase- and tyrosine kinase-linked receptors, the two large families seem to use similar mechanisms for transmembrane signaling ( Stock et al., 1991). For instance, in vertebrate cells, insulin, growth hormone and cytokine receptors have associated tyrosine kinase activities ( Sclessinger and Ullrich, 1992 Schindler and Darnell, 1995), whereas, in bacteria, type I receptor signaling domains generally have associated histidine kinase activities ( Stock et al., 1990 Bourret et al., 1991 Parkinson, 1993). The signaling domains often have associated protein kinase activities. ![]() Type I membrane receptors have a simple membrane topology, with an N-terminal sensing domain at the external surface of the cell linked by a membrane-spanning helix to a signaling domain in the cytoplasm ( Ullrich and Schlessinger, 1990 Heldin, 1995). ![]()
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